Ultraviolet Specialist Newsletter

1600 Plus Germicidal UV Lamps in Stock Visit Ultraviolet.com

2012-01-13T13:53:00.005-05:00

Over 1600 germicidal uv lamps in stock visit www.Ultraviolet.com
A&A Maufacturing G18T6VH/4 PRVT

Abatement Technologies UV425

Advanced UV, Inc 7330SWA, AUV-S

Aire Limpio G36T6L-U PRVT, G48T6L-U PRVT

American Ultraviolet A2400, AP600, CE-10-2C, CE-10-2SL, CE-10-C,CE-10-SL,CE-15-2H,CE-20-2C,CE-20-C,CE-25-2H,CE-25-H CE-30-2C,CE-30-2H, CE-30-C, CE-30-H, CE-36, CE-36-2, CE-5-H, DB36, DC14-2, DC14-4, DC16-2, DC16-4, DC24-2, DC24-4, DC33-2, DC33-4, DC45-2,DC45-4, GML005, GML010, GML015, GML017, GML020, GML025, GML040,GML060, GML070, GML080, GML090, GML095, GML100, GML120, GML1234T, GML1240T, GML140, GML180, GML195, GML205, GML210, GML215, GML220, GML270, GML290, GML325, GML335, GML350, GML365, GML370, GML410, GML415, GML420, GML425, GML425T, GML430, GML445, GR-10-SL, MRS3684P,RM-9U-105, RPT405T,RT-2G/2CW27M,RT-2G/2CWE,RT-2G/SCW277,RT-36-2GE,RT-36-2GM, RT-36-4GE,RT-36-4GM,SC-1,SM-10-2C,SM-10-SL,SM-15-H,SM-20-2C,SM-25-H,SM-30-2C, SM-30-H,SM-36-L,TB-12-W,TB-24-W,TB-36-W,TTG-64,UF-10-SL,UFA-10-SL,UFA-15-H,UFA-25-H, WM-15-H,WM-25-H,WM-36-L

AMILAIR BE18 BE18TWIN BE36 BE36TWIN

APRILAIRE Research Products Corporation 90 1910 1930 1076R 87N77

Aqua Medic Helix Max 80805

Aqua Ultraviolet UV 100 Watt 15 Watt 15 Watt adv 200 Watt 25 Watt 40 Watt 57 Watt 65 Watt 8 Watt 8 Watt adv

Aquafine 3010 3011 3015 3050 3052 3070 3084 3087 3095 3095 3098 17491 17498 17820 17998 18024 18060 18061 18063 18197, 18198 16676 (Validated) 16677 (Validated) 16678 (Validated) 16679 (Validated) 16714 (Validated) 16715 (Validated), 18977-11 18977-3 18977-4 Cream-L (Validated) CSL/60 CSL/60 CSL-4R-TOC DW100 DW300 DW400 DW8 Gold-L MP2SL MP2SL, Optima 150 Optima 630 RBE/60 RBE/60 SL1 SL1 SL-10A SP1 SP2 120IL 15IL 15SPT 240IL 25IL 25SPT

Aquanetics 30IL, 360IL, 480IL, 50ILD, 600IL, 60IL, 720IL, 90IL, 960IL, ALA-15, ALA-25, ALA-30, ALA-4, ALA-8, Aquanetics 15, Aquanetics 25, Aquanetics 30, Aquanetics 4, Aquanetics 6, Aquanetics 8,PQ120IL, PQ15IL,PQ180IL, PQ240IL, PQ25IL, PQ300IL, PQ30IL, PQ360IL, PQ60IL, PQ8IL, PQ90IL, PQW120IL, PW30ILD, Q120IL, Q14L, Q15IL, Q15ILHP, Q15SPT, Q180IL, Q240IL, Q25IL, Q25ILHP, Q25SPT, Q300IL, Q30IL, Q30ILD, Q360IL, Q480IL, Q4IL, Q4SPT, Q50ILD, Q600IL, Q60IL, Q720IL, Q8IL, Q8ILHP, Q8SPT, Q90IL, Q960IL
QW120IL, W120IL

AquaPro Industrial UV12GPM-H, UV12GPM-HTM

Aqua-Pure Systems 56058-41, APUV-12, APUV-24, APUV-5, APUV-65, UVLB-1X

Aqua-Star Portable Water Purifier

Aquawinner UV S212T5

Atlantic Ultraviolet 688A45, 694A1, 782VH30, A2400, A250, A600, A75,BIO-1.5,BIO-3.0,CC12T6L, CC12T6VH, CC18T6L, CC24T6L, CC24T6L-U, CC24T6VH, CC25.83T5L-CB2, CC30T6VH-U *U SHAPE, CC36T6L, CC48T6L, CC48T6VH, DV250, DV600, DV75, G12T6VH, G18T5VH/4, G18T6L/3, G24T5x1"VZ, G24T6L/3, G24T6L-U, G30T6L/3, G30T6L-U, G30T6VH-U , G36T5L Long Life, G36T5VH Long Life, G36T5VH/MedBP, G36T6L/CB2, G36T6L/MedBP/SE, G36T6L-U Shape, G36T6VH/MBPSE, G36T6VH-U, G37T5L UNBRANDED, G37T6L, G38.25T6VH, G48T6L/3, G48T6L/4,G48T6L-U,G48T6VH/4,G64T5VH Long Life, G67T5L/CB2, GHO36T5L/CB1, GHO64T5L/4PSE, GHO64T5VH/4PSE, GPH212T5VH/HO/4PSE, GPH233T5L/4, GPH238T5L/4, GPH250T5L/4, GPH275T5VH/4, GPH303T5L/4, GPH357T5L/4 Unbranded, GPH369T5VH/4, GPH436T5/VH/HO/4PSE, GPH436T5L/MBP,GPH463T5L, GPH865T5VH/MDBP,GPH893T5/L/HO/4PSE, GQ336T5VH/HO/4, GSL912T5VH, GX48L UNBRANDED, GX48L/4, GX48VZ/4, Lmp GPHHA1554T6L/4P

Atlantic Ultraviolet M150, M250, M50, M90, MB18L, MB18VZ, MB36L, MB36VZ, MIN-1, MIN-1.5, MIN-3, MIN-6, MIN-9, MP13, MP13A, MP16, MP16A, MP22, MP22A, MP36, MP36A, MP36B, MP36C, MP49, MP49B, MP49C, S14, S14A, S17, S17A, S23, S23A, S2400, S2400B, S2400C
S37, S37A, S37B, S37C, S50, S50B, S50C , S8.4T6VZ-SSB, U15,U4, U7,U9, GPH1627T5VH/MDBP

ATS Aqua Treatment Service ATS-15, ATS-1-805, ATS-2-3215, ATS-2-3231, ATS-2-3232, ATS-2-436, ATS-2-457, ATS-4-325, ATS-4-397, ATS-4-450, ATS-4-525, ATS-4-739, ATS-4-875, ATS-8-246, ATS-I-814, DSW12V, DWS-12,DWS-15, DWS-24, DWS-6, DWS-7, DWS-8V, DWSW-12,DWSW-6, DWSW-, EV12E, EV20E,EV8E,FTUV8,SE12V,SE-15,SE-24,SE-7,SE-8V,SL-5,SL-8,SL-8V,ATS-4-463R,ATS-4-810R, ATS-4-843R

Barnstead Thermo Fisher Scientific 04141

Beckett PBF3000, PBF750

Bell Air Duct Services 36W

BIOLITE BIO12, UVLB-1X

BIOZONE 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 4000, 5000, 10-08025, 200R, 300FS, 400FS, BZ45, D500

Cal Pump BF1000,BF2000,BF4000,UV18 (2006 & before), UV36, UV9

Calutech Air Purifier 196, 200, 244, 246, 900318, 900336, 200 M, 2006 AT, 2006 DS, 6721 HU, 9002 (2001-2003), 9002 AT, 9002 CB, 9002 DS, 9002 MB,Air Tronics V2, AQ400, Clear Air Silver, DSL UV, Hurricane II, Mini Blue, Original Blue

Campbell Manufacturing DWS-7

CATFISH LIGHTING 18 Watt,36 Watt, 9 Watt

Champ Design CUV6

Charm CUV6

Coral Life 77082, 77084, 10 Watt, 15 Watt, 25 Watt, 30 Watt, 3x, 5 Watt, 6x, 8 Watt, Turbotwist 18 Watt, Turbotwist 36 Watt, Turbotwist 9 Watt

CROWN AIR QUALITY LP-1000

Culligan AQ37085, AQ37086, AQ37087, Aquada 1, Aquada 2 & 4, Aquada 7 &10, NLR1825, NLR1845, NLR1880

CUNO APUV-12, APUV-5, UVLB-1X

Custom Sea Life Double Helix 9 Watt, 18 Watt, 36 Watt

Danner

Delta Ultraviolet 70-18316, 70-18340, 70-18405, 70-18420, E/ES/EP - Model 20, E/ES/EP - Model 5, EA/Pond Master - Model 18, EA/Pond Master - Model 40

Dentec 4000, GTL3

EcoQuest Fresh Air UV4

Eiko G10T5L, G10T8, G11T5, G15T8, G30T8, G36T5L, G36T5L/4P, G40T10, G4T5, G55T8, G64T5L, G64T5L/4P, G6T5, G8T5, GTL3

EMPEROR AQUATICS 65 Watt Smart UV, 20018, 20025, 20040, 20065, 20066, 18 Watt Smart UV, 25 Watt Smart UV, 40 Watt Smart UV, 65 Watt Smart UV

Enviracaire BWM-211D, EWM-211D, EWM-220, EWM-300W, EWM-350

E-Z Treat Inc GPH793T5L/4 PRVT

Field Controls 46365402, UV-18, UV-18X

Fischer & Porter 443U575U01, 443U575U02, 690B021U01, 690B021U02, 70UV3000, B153B008U01, B153L002U01, SBU-UVL64

Fish Mate 15 Watt, 25 Watt, 30 Watt, 8 Watt, AN1329, BioPond

Fuller G24T6L PRVT, G36T6L PRVT, G10T51/2L PRVT

Gaylord Industries 19296, 19301

GENERAL ELECTRIC 11077, 11078, 11080, 11082, 15864, 15872, 15873, 15874, 15875, 15876, 29495, 29498, 46630, 15877, 40696G10T8, G11T5, G15T8, G25T8, G30T8, G36T5, G40T10, G4T5, G55T8/HO, G64T5, G6T5, G8T5, GBX9/UVC, GPH793T5L/4P

Germ Guardian 6815A, EV9102,EV9102CA, EV9102PL, EV9LBL, GG1000, GG1000CA, GGH200, LB1000

Glasco 250, 1308, 1508, 1608, 1642, 1708, 1742, 1842, 1851, 1908, 2460, 8030, 8060, 1351, 1408, 1808, 19566UD, 8040, GS4305L, GUS 7, GUS15

Hallett UV Pure Technologies C300032, C300065,C300210, E300165,E300210,H300210, Hallett 13, Hallett 15xs, Hallett 30

Hawaiian Marine AN-15, AN-30, AN-4S, AN-4SA, AN-8, AN-8A

HONEYWELL 100476735,HWM-500,RUVBULB1,UC100A1013,UC100A1054,UC100E1006,UC100E1014,UC100E1030,UC18W1004,UC36W1006,UV100A1000, UV100A1005,UV100A1018, UV100A1059, UV100A2008,UV100E1043,UV100E2009,UV100E3007

HOZELOCK CYPRIO BioForce 1000, 500, 250, CF9DS, 1000, 500, 1000, 500, UVC 1311, UVC 1312, UVC 1326, UVC 1327, UVC 1328, Vorton 1000, Vorton 2000, Vorton 4000, Vorton 500

Hydro-Safe HSUV-SS-12-1, HSUV-SS-2-1, HSUV-SS-5-1

Ideal Horizons 41002, 12001, 22018, 2-CUV, 32001, 41012, 41035, 42014, 2001, 11002, 11003, 11004, 11010, 12002, 12003, 12006, 12008, 12013, 12026, 22001, 22002, 22003, 22004, 22005, 22006, 22015, 22023, 22031, 4100, 41003, 41004, 41005, 41007, 41010, 41016, 42002, 42003, 42005, 42012, 42016, 42019, 42022, 42047, 42051, 42052, 42053, 1-CUV, 4-CUV, 6-CUV, CR-7, CS-25, IH-1, IH-2, IH-25, IH-4, IH-40, IH40387, IH-5, IH-8, IV-25, IV-40, IV-8, LBR-12, LBR-4, LBR-6, LBR-8, LBRE -6, LBRE-8, ME-10, ME-4, ME-7, MWE-10, MWE-6, RE-12,RE-5, RE-8, REH-8, SH-10, SH-15, SH-20, SH-4, SH-7, SHE-15, SR-1, SR-2, SR-3, SS-10, SS-15, SS-20, SS-4, SS-7, SSE-4, SSW-10, SSW-15, SSW-20, SSW-30, SSW-45, SSW-6, SSW-60, SSWE-6, SV-10, SV-15, SV-20, SV-30, SV-4, SV-45, SV-6, SV-60, SV-7, SVE-4, SVE-6, SVE-7

Infilco Degremont 40 HOVLS, 59619-G03, 59619-G06, 59619-G07, 59619-G09, 59621-G05, 61645-G01, 61645-G02, L58065,L58065-LPT-1/2, L58PT-1.5, L58PT-3LMC, L58PT-8

Ionic Breeze Desktop Air Purifier w/UV Protection, Ionic Breeze Car Air Purifier Model GP Ionic Breeze GP, Ionic Breeze Desktop GP, Ionic Breeze Floor Model GP, PL-L36w/TUV, Professional Series, SI362BLU

L. A. Spa 254T5VH, ZO-PURE5-V

Laguna Hagen Power Clear, Power Max 1000, Power Max 5000, PT-1650, PT-1651, PT-1655, PT-1660, PT-1661,PT-521

Lancaster Pump 12-6, 3-6, 4-6, 5-6, 7-6, 7-L10, 7-L20, 7-L8-246, 7-LWT-UV015, 7-LWT-UV025, 7-LWT-UV10, 7-LWT-UV20, L-12-6, LBR-12, LBR-4, LBR-6, LBR-8, LUV-10E, LUV-12, LUV-20E, LUV-30E, LUV-45E, LUV-4E, LUV-60E, LUV-7E, LUV-7R

Lennox 56N99, 87N77

Life Flow 1 GPM, 12 GPM, 2 GPM, 6 GPM

Master Water HIMSP6165, HIMSV-10, HIMSV-20, HIMSV-6, HIMSV-7, MSP9360, MWC-10, MWC-15, MWC-7, MWCE-10, MWC-E7, UV330/4,WG1231L/2P

Millipore G4T5L/4 PRVT, G4T5VH/4 PRVT, GPH212T5L/4 PRVT, GPH212T5VH/4 PRVT, GPH357T5VH/4 PRVT

NATURE’S QUARTERS NQ250, NQ400

NEPTUNE Water Treatment & Accessories) 1000, 1010, 1020, 1030, 2000, 2010, 2020, 2030, 3000, 3010, 3020, 3030, 5000, 5020, 5030, TRI-8

Oase Living Water 54984, 55432, 56236, Bitron 18, Bitron 18C, Bitron 36, Bitron 36C, Bitron 72, Bitron 72C, Bitron 9, Filtoclear 1600, Filtoclear 3000, Filtoclear 4000, Filtoclear 800

Orbitec 007859

OSRAM SYLVANIA 23388, G10T8, G15T8, G25T8, G30T8, G4T5, G55T8, G55T8/OF, G6T5, G8T5

OY G24T5VH-U PRVT

PENTEK 163508, UV110

Philips Lighting 210641, 244855, 265850, 292672, 292698, 299305, 308643, 360164, 362095, 363713, 381863, 423502504291, HX6150, PL-L35w/TUV,PL-L-55w/TUV, PL-L60w/TUV, TUV115w, TUV15T8, TUV30T8, TUV36T5/S, TUV36T54PS, TUV4T5, TUV64T5/SP
TUV6T5, TUV8T5, 325126, 75, DL36, G55T8, G75T8, PL-L18w/TUV, PL-L18w/TUV/4P, PL-L-36w/TUV, PL-L-36w/TUV, PL-S-5w/TUV, PL-S-9w/TUV, TUV18, TUV36w, TUVF17T8, TUVPLL36w/4P,

Photoscience Japan 7260W, 7330SWA, 7330WS, 7990W, 7990WS, S990W, S990W-F

PlusRite 5003, 5005, GPL18, GTL3

Pura 1 GPM, 102, 10-212, 11-275, 163512, 2 GPM,20-463, 210-110, 210-200, 310-003, 36002016, 36002017, 36002018, 7253L, 812RL, UV10, UV100, UV101, UV11, UV20, UV20BB

Purely UV Products PUVG1118, PUVG1136,PUVH2309, PUVLB504, PUVLB506, PUVLB50, PUVLB515, PUVLB525, PUVLF285, PUVLF435, PUVLF43H

Rainbow Lifegard 175229, 175230, 175231, QL240, QL25, QL40, QL8, Rainbow 25 watt, Rainbow 40 watt, Rainbow 8 watt

R-Can Sterilight 12QA, S100RL-HO, S12Q, S12Q/2, S12QA, S12Q-Gold, S12Q-Gold/2, S12Q-PA, S12Q-PA/2, S150RL-HO, S200RL-HO, S212RL, S24Q, S24Q/2, S24QA, S24QAUV, S24Q-Gold, S24Q-Gold/2, S287RL, S287RL, S2Q, S2Q/2, S2Q-Gold, S2Q-Gold/2
S2Q-PA, S2Q-PA/2, S2R, S2RA, S2RL, S320RL-HO, S330RL, S36RL, S36ROL, S410RL-HO, S410RL-HW, S415RO, S463RL, S463ROL, S5Q, S5Q/2, S5Q-Gold, S5Q-Gold/, S5Q-PA, S5Q-PA/2, S5R, S5RA, S5RL, S600RL-HO, S64RL, S64ROL, S740RL-HO, S80, S810RL, S8Q, S8Q/2,S8QA, S8QAUV, S8Q-Gold, S8Q-Gold/2, S8Q-PA, S8Q-PA/2, S8RL, S8RL/4P, S8ROL, S950RL-HO, S950RL-HW, SC2, SC2.5/2, SC4, SC4/2, SIQ, SIQ-PA, SIQ-PA/2, SM80, SP100-HO, SP150-HO, SP200-HO, SP320-HO, SP410-HO, SP600-HO, SP740-HO, SP950-HO, SP950-HW, SSM-14, SSM-17, SSM-24, SSM-24/2, SSM-37, SSM-37/2, SSM-39, SSM-39/2, STOC-45, STOC-65, STOC-85, STOC-8L, SUV 225P-800P, SUV 24-1000, SUV 24P-100P, SV50

RGF ENVIRONMENTAL EL-095T, Plug In Plus

Salcor UV 36UV, Salcor UV

Samkun Centry Co. JSA-1000, JSA-3000, JSA-5000

Savio Uvinex SUV025, SUV057

Sea Life Double Helix

Second Wind Air Purifier 1000KA, 1000KCS, 1002KCS, 1062, 1076, 2000, 8000, 9000, F1000

Sharper Image Desktop Air Purifier w/UV Protection, Ionic Breeze Car Air Purifier Model GP Ionic Breeze GP, Ionic Breeze Desktop GP
Ionic Breeze Floor Model GP, PL-L36w/TUV, Professional Series, SI362BLU

Siemens 17491, 17498, 17998, 189774, 3084, 3087, 3098, 4390-LL, LP4005, LP4010, LP4015, LP4020, LP4025, LP4040, LP4045, LP4050,LP4050, LP4055, LP4070, LP4075, LP4085, LP4090, LP4095, LP4105, LP4110, LP4125, LP4130, LP4135, LP4150, LP4155, LP4165, LP4175, LP4185, LP4220,LP4230, LP4250, LP4260, LP4265, LP4280, LP4290, LP4360
LP4375, LP4395, LP4420, LP4425, LP4435, LP4440,LP4535, LP4555, LP4570, LP4580, LP4605, LP4610, LP4625, LP4750, LP4760, LP4790, LP4825, LP4840, LP4845, LP5005, LP5035, LP5040, LP6155, SB-10, SBH-15, SBH-7,ZCSPL3084,ZCSPL3087

Slant/Fin GF-100,GF-200, GF-210, GF-210W,GF-211D, GF-220, GF-240, GF-300W, GF-350, GFH-150

Sol-Air Systems, Inc. EL-SL-24

Spectronics BLE2537/S

Steril Systems UVC-2036-2

STERILAIRE 20000100, 20000200, 20000300, 20000400, 20000500, 21000300, DE181VO, DE241VO,DE301VO, DE361VO, DE421VO, GTD16VO, GTD22VO, GTD28VO, GTD34VO, GTD40VO, GTS24VO

Sun Spot 306180027, SS20604P, UPH357HO

Sunlight 17491, 17498, 17998, 189774, 3084, 3087, 3098, 4390-LL, LP4005, LP4010, LP4015, LP4020, LP4025, LP4040, LP4045, LP4050, LP4050, LP4055, LP4070, LP4075, LP4085, LP4090, LP4095, LP4105, LP4110, LP4125, LP4130, LP4135, LP4150, LP4155, LP4165, LP4175, LP4185, LP4220, LP4230, LP4250, LP4260, LP4265, LP4280, LP4290, LP4360, LP4375, LP4395, LP4420, LP4425, LP4435, LP4440, LP4535, LP4555, LP4570, LP4580, LP4605, LP4610, LP4625, LP4750, LP4760, LP4790, LP4825, LP4840, LP4845, LP5005, LP5035, LP5040, LP6155, SB-10, SBH-7, ZCSPL3084, ZCSPL3087

Suntechnik G36T6H/MEDBIPIN/SE PRVT

Tetra Pond PLL18, PLL36, PLS5, PLS9, PUV2500, PUV4000, UV Mini Pond Clarifier, UV1, UV1 Pond Clarifier, UV2, UV2 Pond Clarifier, UV3, UV3 Pond Clarifier, UV5

Therapure 201M, TPP2010

Thermo Fisher Scientific Barnstead 04141

Tremtrol WF-DH-75

Trojan UV Technologies 302417, 302418, 302509, 6000080, 602, 602140, 602142, 602803, 602804, 602805, 602806, 602807, 602854, 602855, 602856, 602880, 612, 6414, 650137, 650138, 650139, 650140, 650141, 650143, 650144, 650149, 702, 7024, 7040, 705, 708, 7100, 712, 775-1, 793923, 794113, 794447-OGN, 794447-ORD, 794447-OSM, 794447-OYW
Advantage 12, Advantage 2, Advantage 5, Advantage 8, G+, Pro 10, Pro 15, Pro 20, Pro 30, Pro 7, Trojan 2000, Trojan 3000, Trojan 3000 Plus, Trojan Logic Series AL, Trojan Logic Series AM, UV Max A, UV Max B, UV Max C, UV Max D, UV Max E, UV Max E Plus, UV Max F, UV3614, UV505, UV555, UV602, UV605, UV622, UV675,UV705, UV750, UV7614, UV775, UV776, V1416

TROPICAL MARINE CENTER VECTON UV Pond Clear Advantage UV15, Pond Clear Advantage UV25, Pond Clear Advantage UV30, Pond Clear Advantage UV6, Pond Clear Advantage UV8

ULTRA DYNAMICS 1500, 19566UD, 19905 UD, 250, 5340 SUD, 5340 UD, 5360 SUD, 6000-2, 6780 SUD, 6780 UD, 7001-153, 7001-158, 7001-727, 7001-803, 7001-804, 7001-805
7001-8055, 7001-806, 7001-807, 7001-809, 7001-814, 7001-821, 7001-915, 7001-941, 7008-246, 7008-247-1, 7008-248, 8030, 8030 UD, 8040, 8050 SUD, 8060 SUD, 8060 UD
9410 SUD, 9410 UD, DW15, DW7, P1, P1, P3, P3, Q1, S120-2, S15, S180-3, S2, S2 ,S30, S30, S6, S6, S60, UD-14,D-3, UD-5, UD-7, UDS-12, UDS-4, UDS-6, UDS-8, VP-1

ULTRAVATION LPPP0002, UVE1036

Ultraviolet Devices, Inc UNDI 07-4000, 07-4001, 07-4002, 17-1001, 17-1011, 17-1021, G20T10, G25T8, G30T8, VM-18-120-01, VM-24-120-01, VM-36-120-01

ULTRAVIOLET PURIFICATION EP1200, EP120441, EP1S, EP1XS, EP8, L14UT4, L300040, L58065, L58065-LPT-1/2, L58PT-1.5, L58PT-3, L58PT-3LMC, L58PT-8

Ushio 3000006, 3000007, 3000008, 3000009, 3000013, 3000014, 3000015, 3000016, 3000022, 3000304, 3000313, 3000314, 3000321, 3000324, 3000339, 3000351, 3000423, G64T5L Coated Soft Glass, G64T5L Quartz, G64T5L/4 Coated Soft Glass, G64T5L/4 Quartz, GPL18K, GPL36K, GPX5, GPX9

UV Dynamics 42051

UV Pure Technologies Hallett C300032, C300065, C300210, E300165, E300210, H300210, Hallett 13, Hallett 15xs,Hallett 30

UV Technologies (Viotec) UV1400, UV2400

UV The Disinfector GPM6

UV-Aire 46365402

UVC G10T5 1/2L/MEDBP/SE PRVT, G36T6H PRVT, G36T6H/MedBP/SE PRVT, G36T6L PRVT, G36T6L/MedBP/SE PRVT, G36T6VH/MedBP/SE PRVT

UVP G24T7H 7mm PRVT, G36T6L PRVT, GPH1148T5L/MedBP/SE PVT, GPH287T5VH PRVT, GPH369T5VH/4 PRVT, GPH515T5L/4 PRVT UVP, GPH843T5L/HO/4 PRVT, GPH843T5VH/4 PRVT

UVTS GPH295T5L PRVT, GPH295T5VH PRVT, GPH295T5VH/4 PRVT

Vicks Humidifier V-790

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Special Discount on Replacement Germicidal Lamps January 2012

2011-12-31T09:52:00.007-05:00

Atlantic Ultraviolet Corporation is offering a Special Discount on Replacement Germicidal UV Lamps for the month of January 2012. Starting January 1, receive 10% off Replacement Germicidal Ultraviolet Lamps by mentioning Promo Code BLOJ2012.

Savings apply to orders placed and shipped during January 2012 only; savings apply only to accounts in good standing; lamps may be combined for discount rates. Visit the Replacement Germicidal UV Lamp page on Ultraviolet.com to see the lamps that are stocked. They ask you to call with any requirements you have for germicidal UV lamps because they constantly are adding new lamps to their stock.

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Comparison of UVC Light and Chemicals for Disinfection of Surfaces in Hospital Isolation Units

2010-04-15T15:45:00.005-04:00

B. M. Andersen, MD, PhD; H. Bånrud, DrScient; E. Bøe, BcEcon, MEng; O. Bjordal, MEng; F. Drangsholt, PhD

objective. To determine the bactericidal effect on surfaces of ceiling- and wall-mounted UV C (UVC) light (wavelength, 254 nm) in isolation units, compared with standard hospital environmental cleaning and chemical disinfection during final disinfection after patients are treated for infections.

design. Microbial samples were obtained from surfaces in isolation units (patient room, anteroom, and bathroom) before and after irradiation with UVC, chloramine disinfection, and standard hospital environmental cleaning. Samples were tested using standard contact plates.

setting. Four identical, negative air-pressure isolation units (patient room, anteroom, and bathroom) with a defined number of ceiling- and wall-mounted UVC light units. The UVC distribution was monitored in one isolation unit after irradiation for approximately 40 minutes, corresponding to doses ranging from 160 J/m2 in a shadowed area to 19,230 J/m2 at the mostly highly exposed site (which is high enough to inactivate most bacterial organisms, including spores).

results. UVC disinfection significantly reduced the number of bacteria on surfaces directly or indirectly exposed to UVC to a very low number, as did 5% chloramine disinfection alone (P <.001 for both). Completely shadowed areas in the isolation unit (eg, the bed rail, lockers, and mattresses) still required disinfection by chemicals. conclusion. Disinfection with UVC light may significantly reduce environmental bacterial contamination and thereby protect the next patient housed in an isolation room. UVC disinfection may not be used alone but is a good addition to chemical disinfection.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006; 27:729-734

To control the spread of pathogens in hospital environments, good hygienic routines are required to clean and disinfect surfaces contaminated with biological materials.1-7 Chemicals such as chlorine and 5% chloramine have traditionally been used in Norway to disinfect surfaces during final room disinfection.8 However, chemical disinfection is both time- and labor-consuming, and it might be harmful for staff and the environment.8 The search for more environmentally friendly and healthier methods has therefore been under way for many years.

UV C light (UVC; wavelength, 200-280 nm) has a germicidal effect on microorganisms in water, on surfaces, and in air, and it is used for disinfection both inside and outside hospitals.9-19 UVC is lethal to bacteria, bacterial spores, viruses, mold, mold spores, yeast, and algae, but the doses needed to inactivate them vary.20 UVC is absorbed by organic materials, and its ability to penetrate is low. Therefore, cleaning of visibly soiled surfaces is necessary before UVC disinfection. Also, chemical disinfection agents such as chlorine or chloramines may have reduced effect in the presence of organic materials. As a separate procedure, soil and visible organic materials are always removed immediately when they are detected by the staff during “spot cleaning” and disinfection.8 When the final disinfection is done, all visible organic materials and soil have been removed first. Chloramine disinfection of surfaces in rooms is always followed by standard hospital environmental cleaning, to remove the chemical agent.8

In the present study, we tested the bactericidal effect of UVC from ceiling- and wall-mounted units in negative air- pressure isolation units for patients with airborne infections. The main aim was to see whether UVC could be used for final surface disinfection in patient rooms.

METHODS

Four identical negative air-pressure isolation units for patients with infectious diseases were studied with respect to the effect of final disinfection after a patient has been discharged. The isolation rooms were used for patients with, for example, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, tuberculosis of the lung, and other airborne infections. Standard hospital environmental cleaning with non-antibacterial soap and water was done daily during each patient’s hospitalization. Mop heads were changed between each procedure. Used mop heads and water containers were decontaminated at 85°C after each cleaning and placed in the patient decontamination room. The equipment was not used in other patient rooms. Soil and visible organic materials were removed immediately by the ward staff when they were detected, by spot cleaning and disinfection.8 Final disinfection (after the patient was discharged) was done with the water container and chloramine prediluted to 5%, for 1 hour, using a cloth on walls and equipment and the mop on the floor. This was followed by standard hospital environmental cleaning to remove the chloramine.8 Each unit consisted of an anteroom, a patient room, and a bathroom/decontamination room, as shown in Figure 1. Negative air pressure (approximately -45 Pa) was provided with inward airflow and an air change rate in the patient room of 5-6 air changes per hour. All exhaust air from the rooms was disinfected with filtration and UVC exposure.

All rooms were supplied with stainless steel UVC units for the exposure of walls, floors, and equipment: the ceiling-mounted Z-300 unit (fan capacity, 170 m3/h; UVC lamps, 10 x 30 W Osram HNS OFR; power supply, 230 V single-phase AC; power consumption, 391 W; current, 1.7 A; dimensions, 1205 x 505 x 100 mm; weight, approximately 30 kg) and wall-mounted Z-30 unit (no fan; UVC lamps, 1 x 30 W Osram HNS OFR; power supply, 230 V single-phase AC; power consumption, 30 W; current, 0.15 A; dimensions, 1180 x 150 x 79 mm; weight, approximately 7 kg) (Figure 1) (Klean ASA System).19 The system has been tested and approved by Norwegian technical authority (NEMCO). The patient room had 9 wall-mounted and 2 ceiling-mounted UVC units, the anteroom had 5 wall-mounted units and 1 ceiling-mounted unit, and the bathroom had 3 wall-mounted units and 1 ceiling-mounted UVC unit.

The UVC irradiance levels were measured with a UVX radiometer with a sensor calibrated at 254 nm (UVP Products). Calculations of total UVC doses were performed for all the UVC measurements by using the following formula: UVC dose (J/m2) = irradiance (W/m2) x exposure time (in seconds). A total of 165 measurements were taken at different positions in isolation unit 101—the floors, on top of and under shelves and the bed, and other open areas. On the floors in the patient room, anteroom, and bathroom, the UVC irradiance was measured every 0.5 m starting 0.1 m from the wall, giving 133 single points in total. In addition, the UVC dose was monitored at 32 different positions, aside from floors (Table 1).The UVC disinfection time used in the study was approximately 40 minutes (variation, 33-47 minutes because of hospital daily activities). A schematic drawing of the distribution of UVC on the floor is shown in Figure 2. On the floor in the isolation unit 101 UVC irradiance levels varied from 0.08 to 3.2 W/m2 (Table 1). Average ± SD values of 1.95 ± 0.65 W/m2 (n = 133) was found for all samples; 2.2 ± 0.5 W/m2 (n = 70) was found in the patient room, 2.0 ± 0.7 W/m2 (n = 31) in the anteroom, and 1.4 ± 0.5 W/m2 (n = 32) in the bathroom. At other positions in the isolation unit the UVC output varied from 0.08 to 6.82 W/m2 (Table 1). The isolation units were exposed to UVC for a mean of 40 minutes (range, 33-47 minutes). The shortest exposure time corresponds to UVC doses ranging from 160 to 13,500 J/m2, and the longest irradiation results in a dose of 230-19,200 J/m2.

figure 1.
Schematic drawing of isolation unit 101. Each isolation unit consists of an anteroom, a patient room, and a bathroom/decontamination room. Negative air pressure is provided, with inward airflow and an air change rate in the patient room of 5-6 air changes per hour. All exhaust air from the rooms was disinfected with filtration and exposure to UV C light (UVC). All rooms were supplied with ceiling-mounted (Z-300) and wall-mounted (Z-30) UVC units for exposure of walls, floors, and equipment.

table 1. UV C Light (UVC) Levels Elsewhere Than the Floor in the Isolation Unit

Before microbiological surface samples were obtained, any objects left by the patient and any equipment that had been used were placed in plastic bags and removed from the rooms.8 Bacterial samples from surfaces were taken at 26 different, preset positions in each of the 4 isolation units. They were taken immediately after tidying, cleaning and disinfection. To evaluate the disinfection efficiency of UVC, samples were taken from areas directly exposed and not directly exposed to UVC. Sampling was performed at approximately the same positions before and after disinfection. Standard contact plates (area, approximately 20 cm2) filled with 15 mL of trypticase soy agar (Becton Dickinson) and a Count-Tact applicator (Medinor) were used. The plates were coded and sent to an accredited external laboratory where they were incubated at 37°C for 48 hours and the colony-forming units counted. No identification was done. The upper limit of detection was 250 cfu per plate.

The isolation rooms were tidied, and all visible organic materials and soils were removed before they were either disinfected or cleaned with non-antibacterial soap and water and then disinfected. The cleaning staff was an experienced team, trained in surface disinfection and working at the isolation unit. Disinfection was either done manually with 5% chloramine with 1 hour exposure and then removed by cleaning with soap and water or with UVC for approximately 40 minutes. Microbial samples were taken immediately (within 10 minutes) after tidying, cleaning, and disinfection. Microbial samples with overgrowth (>250 cfu/plate) were registered and included in the figures, but those data were exempted from the mean summary of the experiments. The UVC units were activated only when people were not present in the rooms.

RESULTS
UVC markedly reduced the number of bacteria on un-cleaned surfaces in isolation unit 101, from a mean of 29.5 cfu per sample before to 2.0 cfu per sample after UVC disinfection, and to 1.6 cfu per sample after additional chloramine disinfection (P < .001 for both, using Poisson-distributed variables) (Figure 3). The most soiled areas were the console for electricity and gas, the bedside table, the TV screen, and the floor by the toilet. After standard cleaning of isolation units 102 and 104, the additional use of UVC disinfection significantly reduced the numbers of colony-forming units from a mean of 8.5 and 47 cfu per sample, respectively, before UVC disinfection to 1 and 2.6 cfu per sample, respectively, immediately after UVC disinfection (P < .001 for both). On surfaces not directly exposed to UVC, a maximum of 18 cfu per 20 cm2 was counted. In most other areas, between 0 and 5 cfu per sample were found after UVC treatment.

Disinfection with chloramine yielded a mean of 25 cfu per sample in room 105. However, two samples from the chloramine disinfection study grew >250 cfu per sample, which may have been a result of contamination or an indication that the areas had not been disinfected before sampling. Standard hospital cleaning after chloramine disinfection yielded a mean of 4.1 cfu per sample, and, when UVC disinfection was used in addition, the mean count was 0.5 cfu per sample (P < .001 for both).

Table 2 shows the summary of the experiments from the 4 different isolation units. Four uncountable plates (valuesof >250 cfu per sample) were removed from the calculation: 1 from each of the tidying and cleaning experiments and 2 from the chloramine-only experiment. The measurements after tidying represented the original bacterial burden without any intervention, and the mean number of cfu per sample was 30.9. After cleaning only, the mean number was somewhat lower (22.0 cfu per sample); after UVC disinfection alone, it was 2.1 cfu per sample, and that after chloramine disinfection alone for 1 h was 1.3 cfu per sample.

Use of chloramine 5% for 1 h, followed by cleaning to remove the disinfectant, resulted in a mean of 4.1 cfu per sample, whereas UVC disinfection combined with precleaning or subsequent chloramine treatments gave the same results: 1.8 and 1.7 cfu per sample. After disinfection with chloramine for 1 hour, followed by cleaning and final UVC irradiation, the mean count was 0.5 cfu/plate. Compared with the original bacterial burden, both the use of UVC and of chloramine disinfection alone or in different combinations significantly reduced the amount of surface flora (P < .001 for both) (Table 2).

figure 2.
Graphic presentation of the distribution of UV C light (UVC) irradiance on the floor in isolation unit 101: patient room, anteroom, and bathroom/decontamination room. The values were obtained from Table 1.

figure 3.
The number of colony-forming units (cfu) per contact plate (20 cm2) cultured from samples of areas in isolation unit 101. Microbiological samples were taken from surfaces after tidying (red bars); after tidying and UV C light (UVC) disinfection for approximately 40 minutes (blue bars); and after tidying, approximately 40 minutes of UVC irradiation, and 1 hour exposure to 5% chloramine exposure (yellow bars).

table 2. Results of Statistical Analysis of Colony Counts on Contact Plates for Samples From 4 Isolation Units

discussion
UVC disinfection works by dissociating the DNA structure of living cells. Destruction of molecular chains requires a dose of UV light that is matched to the type of organism and that is at the germicidal wavelength of 253.7 nm. As the genetic structure of bacteria or viruses is exposed to the UVC, it will be destroyed. However, the success of surface disinfection using UVC depends greatly on the consistency of the material to be disinfected. In general, UVC rays must directly strike the microorganism to achieve lethal destruction. If the organism is hidden below the surface of a material or is not in the direct path of the UVC rays, it will not be destroyed.
UVC disinfection of surfaces has the advantage of being an automatic method—no manual labor is needed, and a relatively short exposure time is required.8,10,15 In addition, UVC leaves no residue in the indoor environment, and the new-style UVC light units are not subject to temperature limitations. However, UVC may have some destructive effect over time on materials such as plastic and vinyl and cause fading of colored paints and fabrics. It also has a low penetrating effect (1-2 mm), and means must be taken to reduce any shadowing that may occur. As with most chemical disinfection agents, the bactericidal effect is reduced in the presence of organic materials. Therefore, visually soiled surfaces (eg, stains left by blood, urine, and milk) will need to be cleaned before UVC disinfection. It is important that the room is empty during UVC disinfection, because accidental irradiation effects have been described.21-23
Manual labor is required in the use of most chemical methods, such as the chloramine disinfection method used in the present study. In addition, the chemical has to be removed by cleaning after use. However, recently a hydrogen peroxide vapor decontamination system was described by French et al. that was tested against MRSA.24 There was no effect of standard cleaning on MRSA; 74% of the swab samples obtained before and 66% of those obtained after cleaning yielded MRSA. In contrast, after hydrogen peroxide vapor decontamination, only 1.2% of swab samples yielded MRSA.24 The exposure time is, however, longer for hydrogen peroxide vapor—5 hours, compared with a mean of 40 minutes for UVC.
At present, there are insufficient data to support the effectiveness of UVC as a tool for infection control, because there is no evidence that routine use of UVC disinfection will reduce the rate of nosocomial infections. According to published UVC dosimetry data, the counts of surviving bacteria and bacterial spores are reduced by 90% with doses of 18-80 and 120 J/m2, respectively.20 The survival curve normally falls exponentially with increasing doses (ie, it follows a log-linear pattern). Several studies have shown that doses of UVC of 90-900 J/m2 may inactivate 99.999% (5-log) of bacteria. Jepson et al.20 have shown that a dose of 1,500 J/m2 may inactivate 99.99% of spores of Bacillus anthracis, 1,800-3,000 J/m2 inactivates protozoa, 16,800 J/m2 inactivates 90% of Cryptosporidium parvum, 3,000 J/m2 inactivates 99.99% of Candida albicans, 110-3,300 J/m2 inactivates 99.99% of fungi, and 10,000-20,000 J/m2 inactivates 99.99% of blue-green algae. The doses for virus inactivation varied from 190 to 11,500 J/m2. HIV showed a relatively high tolerance to UVC at doses of up to 11,500 J/m2.

In the present study, the isolation units were exposed to UVC for total doses of 160 J/m2 in the most shadowed area to 19,200 J/m2 (0.08-6.82 W/m2) in open, exposed areas. Thus, the output of the UVC units on surfaces in the isolation unit was high enough to inactivate most bacterial organisms, including their spores, and most virus and fungi, even on shadowed surfaces on the floor that were not directly reached by UVC.

The protein content on surfaces may absorb UV irradiation and cause varying disinfection efficacy for different organisms. Double-strand DNA viruses (ie, enteric adenoviruses) are more resistant than are single-strand RNA viruses (ie, poliovirus). In addition, some bacteria, and possibly adenoviruses, are capable of directly or indirectly repairing the damage caused by irradiation and reverting back to a viable state (“photoreactivation”). The extent of photoreactivation varies among microbes; therefore, more studies are needed to evaluate a wide range of pathogens and the effect that various UV doses have on a variety of microbes and to evaluate the durations of irradiation required after which photoreactivation can no longer occur.

To control the radiometric measurements, sampling of surface bacteria was done in the 4 isolation units in connection with the final disinfection, after patients were discharged. Both UVC and chloramine 5% disinfection were tested, in addition to standard hospital environmental cleaning using water and nonantibacterial soap. Compared with tidying these measurements represented the original bacterial burden without any intervention—cleaning the isolation rooms with soap and water only seemed to affect surface microorganisms: we measured a mean of 30.9 cfu per sample before and 22.0 cfu per sample after cleaning. This is in accordance with earlier findings; floor cleaning by wet mopping had no significant effect on bacterial counts on floors, whereas damp mopping reduced bacterial counts by 75%, which was significant (P < .01).2

The use of UVC or chloramine disinfection alone or in various combinations with or without cleaning significantly reduced the amount of surface flora (P < .001 for both). UVC disinfection reduced the number of colony-forming units to an average of 2.1 cfu per sample in an un-cleaned room and 1.8 cfu per sample in a cleaned room, (P < .001). The lowest average number, 0.5 cfu per sample, was measured after disinfection with chloramine followed by cleaning and removing of the chemical agent and final UVC irradiation. This latter method seemed to be more effective than the use of chloramine alone. Thus, UVC showed a significant germicidal effect on surface microorganisms in isolation units and markedly reduced the number of bacteria both on cleaned and un-cleaned surfaces. An effect of UVC was also registered in partly shadowed areas that were not directly exposed to UVC. After chloramine disinfection alone, an average of 1.3 ± 2.6 cfu per sample was measured (after the removal of 2 uncountable plates from calculations).

As shown in the present study, direct UVC irradiation may be an effective germicidal agent for whole-room disinfection. However, this method, like chemical disinfection methods, may be hampered by the fact that the bactericidal effect is reduced in the presence of organic materials. Surfaces with visible stains that contain organic matter will always need separate procedures for immediate spot cleaning and disinfection.8

Furthermore, UVC disinfection is not effective in completely shadowed areas, such as bed mattresses, closed bedrails, and lockers. These surfaces still have to be disinfected by other means. Therefore, UVC may not be used alone for disinfection, but it may be a good addition to chemical disinfection, to lower the biological burden of infectious agents in isolation units for high-risk infectious patients.

REFERENCES
1. Dancer SJ. Mopping up hospital infection. J Hosp Infect 1999; 43:85-100.
2. Andersen BM, Solheim N, Kruger Ø, Levy F, Sogn K, Moløkken I. Floor cleaning in patient rooms: effect of bacteria on soil and particles in air. Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 1997; 117:838-841.
3. Griffith CJ, Cooper RA, Gilmore J, Davies C, Lewis M. An evaluation of hospital cleaning regimes and standards. J Hosp Infect 2000; 45:19-28.
4. Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Environmental interventions to control nosocomial infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995; 16:442-443.
5. Levin AS, Gobara S, Mendes C, Cursino R, Sinto S. Environmental contamination by multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in an intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001; 22:717-720.
6. Garner JS. Guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals. The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996; 17:53-80
7. Sehulster L, Chinn RY, CDC, HICPAC. Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities: recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR Recomm Rep 2003; 52(RR-10):1-42.
8. Fjellet AL, Brubakk O, Hochlin K, Solheim N, Andersen BM. Isolation procedures. In: Andersen BM, ed. Handbook in Hygiene and Infection Control. Oslo: Ullevål University Hospital; 2003:100-127.
9. Sharp G. The lethal action of short ultraviolet rays on several common pathogenic bacteria. J Bacteriol 1939; 37:447-459.
10. Riley RL, Nardell EA. Clearing the air: the theory and application of ultraviolet air disinfection. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139:1286-1294.
11. Riley RL, Mills CC, O’Grady FO, Sultan LU, Wittstadt F, Shivpuri DN. Infectiousness of air from tuberculosis ward. Ultraviolet irradiation of infected air: comparative infectiousness of different patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1962; 85:511-525
12. Nardell EA. Interrupting transmission from patients with unsuspected tuberculosis: a unique role for upper-room ultraviolet air disinfection. AM J Infect Control 1995; 23:156-164.
13. Wallner-Pendleton EA, Summer SS, Froning GW, Stetson LE. The use of ultraviolet radiation to reduce Salmonella and psychotrophic bacterial contamination on poultry carcasses. Poult Sci 1994; 73:1327-1333.
14. Ishida H, Nahara Y, Tamamoto M, Hamada T. The fungicidal effect of ultraviolet light on impression materials. J Prosthet Dent 1991; 65:532-535.
15. Young AR, Björn LO, Moan J, Nultsch W, eds. Environmental UV Photobiology. New York: Plenum Press; 1993
16. Riley RL, Kaufman JE. Air disinfection in corridors by upper air irradiation with ultraviolet. Arch Environ Health 1971; 22:551-553.
17. Hart D, Durham NC. Bactericidal ultraviolet radiation in the operating room: twenty-nine year study for control of infections. JAMA 1960; 172:1019-1028.
18. Bånrud H, Moan J. The use of UCV for disinfection in operating rooms. Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 1999; 119:2670-2673.
19. Technical Project Report: Air Quality, Destruction of Microbes, and Use of Negative-Pressure, Filter, and UVC Technology in Patient Isolates. Oslo: Klean, Siemens, Ullevål University Hospital; 2000.
20. Hyllseth B, Bånrud H. Literature concerning UVC (J/m2) inactivation of microbes. In: Technical Project Report: Air Quality, Destruction of Microbes, and Use of Negative-Pressure, Filter, and UVC Technology in Patient Isolates. Oslo: Klean, Siemens, Ullevål University Hospital; 2000 (attachment).
21. Moss CE, Seitz TA. Ultraviolet radiation exposure to health care workers from germicidal lamps. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 1991; 6:168-170.
22. Forsyth A, Ide CW, Moseley H. Acute sunburn due to accidental irradiation with UVC. Contact Dermatitis 1991; 24:141-142.

23. International Radiation Protection Association. IRPA Guidelines on Protection Against Non-ionizing Radiation: the Collected Publications of the IRPA Non-ionizing Radiation Committee. New York: Pergamon Press; 1991.

24. French GL, Otter JA, Shannon KP, Adams NM, Watling D, Parks MJ. Tackling contamination of the hospital environment by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): a comparison between conventional terminal cleaning and hydrogen peroxide vapour decontamination. J Hosp Infect 2004; 57:31-37.
From the Department of Hospital infections and Department of Internal Services, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo (B.M.A., E.B.); Klean ASA, Rud (H.B., O.B.); and the Faculty of Technology, Sør-Trøndelag University College, Trondheim (F.D.), Norway

Received September 16, 2004; accepted January 4, 2005; electronically published June 2, 2006.
© 2006 by The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. All rights reserved. 0899-823X/2006/2707-0015$15.00.

SHEDDING LIGHT ON ULTRAVIOLET

2009-01-30T15:21:00.003-05:00

Light has numerous applications in Today's Healthcare Environment Ranging From room air sanitizers to air duct disinfection to water treatment. Knowing how to utilize this old reliable technology is an important weapon in fighting disease transmission.

Ultraviolet air purification technology is undergoing resurgence not unlike our recent experiences with the comeback marshaled by numerous contagious diseases. Although we have had this technology available to us for 70 years it has been underutilized and under recognized as an efficient means of controlling airborne pathogens. With recent and increasing challenges from airborne pathogens, the use of ultraviolet light to kill bacteria, viruses, and mold will no doubt continue to rise. UV technology emerged in the hospital environment during the 1930's. Applications in the OR were well documented and monitored for many years, giving weight to the efficacy of this technology. Air purification and water treatment are the two underlying applications where UV is commonly used in healthcare settings.

Air purification challenges can be approached from at least two directions, one being room air sanitizers and the second being air duct disinfection. Air duct units destroy airborne microbes, including bacteria and viruses, in new or existing duct systems. These units can be added to existing duct systems or engineered into new building designs. Whether a retro-fit or a new building design, ultraviolet air purification can deliver either localized solutions for areas such as operating room suites or more centralized installations to address larger patient care areas. Most applications surprisingly are cost effective and bring new levels of air quality to your facility through proven technology.

The core of the UV air purification system uses germicidal lamps to protect patients and staff from harmful airborne contaminants. Kill rates of 98 percent can be achieved in hospital settings through professional installation combined with the selection of the proper unit capacity for your particular room size and application.Germicidal effectiveness is highly lethal to virus, bacteria and mold spores when the equipment is matched properly to the volume of air that is being purified.

Air duct installations present centralized and non-intrusive applications that are useful on their own or in conjunction with additional air circulation and filtration technologies. When used together these systems provide high-level protection solutions.

When air duct applications are not utilized, hospitals still can achieve the benefits of UV technology by utilizing room air sanitizers to solve air quality challenges in crowded or poorly ventilated patient or staff areas. Patient areas where communicable respiratory diseases are present is a setting where room air sanitizers can be applied to achieve desired results. At this point in their development, these units have achieved a level of physical compactness, which makes them suitable for a wide variety of applications.

Ultraviolet radiation has long played an important role in Operating Room infection control. The reservoir of air in an OR Suite or a treatment area is subject to a variety of influences that can degrade air quality. These range from factors such as the concentration of occupants in the area, the propulsive forces that can put organisms into the air, the frequency of air changes and recirculation, and even the degree of respiratory tract contamination of the participants in an OR Suite. These challenges can be met by bringing in air that is relatively free of bacteria, essentially washing the air in the room by mechanical and electrostatic filtration. Advances in hepa-air filtration should be considered as well and incorporated into your overall program. However, organisms still survive in the room after these measures are applied. UV technology solves these problems by its high kill rate for airborne pathogens. An effective installation will incorporate these various technologies into one overall solution for hospital operating rooms and patient isolation areas with especially dependable results.

Understanding how to utilize these technologies in conjunction with one another does not require anything more than an effective plan that is created by both your staff and air quality consultants. This can solve the particular issues that are unique to your facility treatment areas or operating room suites where these problems are most profound. The efficacy of ultraviolet light as an air purification strategy has been well established and extensively documented. Regardless, an effective infection control program to control airborne pathogens has to incorporate the very unique circumstances that occur in your own facility. An initial and ongoing analysis of air quality issues in your facility should be part of any plan. Every building and facility has unique air quality characteristics, and the factors influencing air quality can be highly volatile, making it an imperative to conduct a regular analysis. If you are faced with difficult conditions, such as over-crowded patient areas, limited isolation room capacity, usually high levels of noscomial and airborne pathogen transmission problems within your hospital, or a surrounding population of patients that may be higher risks for tuberculoses of other airborne transmission problems, then you should include these considerations in your overall plan.

A variety of air quality monitoring devices are now available and these devices should be a part of any system. Establishing a practice for monitoring and updating your air quality analysis is essential to understanding and using the air purification measures you install.

Ultraviolet technology should be considered as part of your solution for achieving air quality goals. It is a proven technology, it delivers a very high kill rate, the equipment is compact and easily adaptable and the technology is very cost effective.

(article reprinted from Managing Infection Control)

Controlling Tuberculosis Transmission with Ultraviolet Irradiation

2008-08-06T09:14:00.004-04:00

The air in buildings often contains potentially health threatening bacteria and viruses, particularly for people who have impaired immune systems. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that can be contracted by breathing air containing the tuberculosis bacterium. To reduce the risk of transmission of disease, the air can be disinfected in three ways: dilution, filtration, and purification by ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI). In addition to controlling tuberculosis, these approaches to disinfection are applicable for controlling other microbial disorders such as influenza, measles, and aerosolized bioterror agents.1 This publication answers common questions about tuberculosis and shows how to control its transmission using UVGI. This publication is intended for engineers, architects, and the general public.

What is tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It most frequently attacks the lungs (pulmonary tuberculosis), but it can also infect other parts of the body.

What are the symptoms of tuberculosis?
Persons who have tuberculosis disease tend to show one or more of the following symptoms: a cough that will not go away, persistent tiredness, weight loss, fever, coughing up blood, and night sweats.

Who gets tuberculosis?
Anyone can be infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, being infected does not necessarily lead to tuberculosis disease because, in many cases, the immune system counteracts the bacterium and makes it inactive. Those most likely to become infected with tuberculosis are individuals who are in close contact with persons who have untreated, active tuberculosis. Those most likely to become ill with tuberculosis following infection are persons who have a weakened immune system, such as the very young, the very old, or people with HIV/AIDS.

How common is tuberculosis?
Worldwide, tuberculosis is the leading cause of adult deaths from a single infectious agent, with a fatality rate of about 23%.2 In many parts of the world tuberculosis is still prevalent. In the United States, rates of tuberculosis were decreasing until the mid-1980s, then became resurgent during 1985-1991, but now are once again quite well-controlled. Current tuberculosis case rates in the United States are due to increased numbers of immigrants from parts of the world where tuberculosis is more common, a deterioration in public health controls, an increase in the number of persons with weakened immune systems, and the development of drug-resistant strains of the bacterium.3

How is tuberculosis spread?
Tuberculosis is spread when a person who has tuberculosis disease coughs or sneezes, thereby releasing the bacteria into the air in the form of an aerosol. Persons inhaling these bacteria may become infected.

Where is one most likely to be infected with tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis infection is most likely to occur during prolonged exposure to others who have tuberculosis disease, particularly when the exposure occurs in crowded conditions.4,5 Recent outbreaks of tuberculosis have been reported in homeless shelters, 6 prisons, 7 commercial aircraft, 8 healthcare clinics, and schools. 9

Are drugs available for treating tuberculosis?
Pharmaceutical treatment is available, but some strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are drug-resistant, so the drugs do not work in all cases. As a general principle, it is better to prevent infection from occurring rather than try to cure a disease after it has been contracted.
What technological methods can be used to reduce the risk of infection, and how do they work?
Three technological methods can be used to reduce the risk of airborne transmission: dilution, filtration, and purification. Dilution reduces the concentration of infectious agents in a space by increasing the amount of outside air brought into the occupied portion of that space. Dilution does not destroy the bacteria, but rather reduces the probability of transmission by spreading the bacteria over a larger volume of air. An appropriate level of dilution is achieved by ensuring six air changes per hour in the space. One air change per hour means that the volume of fresh air supplied to the space in 1 hour is the same as the volume of the space. At six air changes per hour, the air in the space is replaced with fresh air every 10 minutes. The fresh air required for dilution can be provided by natural or mechanical means. Where natural ventilation is used, additional operating costs may be incurred by the heating or cooling necessary to ensure thermal comfort. Where air conditioning or mechanical ventilation systems are used, dilution requires additional operating costs because of the larger volume of fresh air that must be treated and moved.

Filtration reduces the concentration of infectious agents in a space by passing the air through a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter that traps bacteria and viruses (and other particles), thereby removing them from circulation. Like dilution, HEPA filtration can impose additional operating costs from the increased fan power required to push air through the filter. Few tuberculosis bacteria survive for more than 48 hours on the filter,10 and those that do are difficult to remove, so there is minimal risk of re-releasing the bacteria into the air when changing the filter. HEPA filtration can be used within the ductwork of an air conditioning or mechanical ventilation system, or within a freestanding unit in the occupied space.
Purifying the air through UVGI destroys the infectious agents in the air because exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation damages the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of
bacteria and viruses, including that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This DNA damage stops the infectious agent from replicating. Air cleansing using UVGI requires that persons in the treated space be shielded from excessive exposure to the UV radiation. This can be done by placing the UV source in the ductwork of a ventilation system, in a freestanding disinfecting system, or in an open location within a room. When installing UVGI in an open location, to prevent undue human exposure to the UV radiation, it is important to ensure that the UV radiation is restricted to the portion of the room that is above standing head height. The UVGI technology has long been used in laboratories and healthcare facilities, but it is also applicable for use in spaces where people congregate.These three approaches can be used separately or in combination. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended that UVGI be used as a supplement to dilution in high-risk settings.11

What evidence indicates that these methods are effective?
Dilution, HEPA filtration, and UVGI have all been shown to be effective in reducing the concentration of tuberculosis bacteria in laboratory situations. At the time of this publication, no controlled field studies have been conducted to demonstrate the viability of dilution and HEPA filtration. A multi-city, multi-year study of effectiveness of air purification through upper room UVGI, called the Tuberculosis Ultraviolet Shelter Study (TUSS), is underway.12 TUSS seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of upper room UVGI in homeless shelters as a representative environment of all congregate spaces.

What is the relative effectiveness of dilution, filtration, and UVGI purification?
For air cleansing, the relative effectiveness of dilution, HEPA filtration, and upper room UVGI can be measured in two ways. One is on the basis of equivalent air changes per hour; i.e., the number of air changes per hour that would be required to reduce the concentration of tuberculosis bacteria by the same amount as achieved by filtering or upper room UVGI. Using this method of comparison, for dilution at 6 air changes per hour, HEPA filtering provides the level of air cleansing equivalent to 12 air changes per hour. UVGI can provide the level of air cleansing equivalent to 10 to 35 air changes per hour, a range that varies with factors that include UV intensity, time of exposure, and relative humidity.13 Another way to compare dilution, HEPA filtering, and upper room UVGI is by their cost effectiveness, expressed in terms of the number of dollars per case of tuberculosis infection prevented per year. One study estimates that for a high-risk setting (i.e. a hospital waiting room) the cost to avoid a tuberculosis infection was $133 for UVGI, $420 for HEPA filtration and $1708 for additional ventilation. Thus UVGI was the most cost effective of these three technologies.14

How is air purification achieved using upper room UVGI?
Upper room UVGI is achieved by using a UV lamp in a specially designed fixture that directs the UV radiation to the upper room area. The UV lamp used for UVGI is a low pressure mercury discharge lamp. This lamp has a strong emission line at 254 nanometers (see Figure 1), a wavelength that causes DNA damage to bacteria and viruses. The lamp also emits some visible short wavelengths that appear as blue light. UVGI lamps are based on conventional fluorescent lamp technology except they have a special glass to emit UV and have no phosphor coating to produce visible light. Like conventional fluorescent lamps, UVGI lamps are available in linear and compact forms, both of which require ballasts to operate.

The fixtures used for upper room UVGI are designed to shield the lamp from direct view of persons in the occupied space and to emit the UV radiation in a wide, flat, slightly inclined distribution such as that shown in Figure 2. This is usually accomplished by placing the UV source inside aluminum or stainless steel box and passing the UV rays through a series of wide horizontal louvers (see Figure 3). UVGI fixtures are available in forms suitable for wall and corner mounting and for suspension from the ceiling. The amount of UV radiation emitted from the fixture is low relative to the amount emitted by the UVGI lamp because of the absorbing effect of the louvers in the fixture.15

What other factors should be considered?
Two other factors need to be considered if an upper room UVGI installation is to be effective and safe. One is the pattern of air movement needed to bring the bacteria or viruses into the upper room. The other is the extent to which persons in the occupied space (the lower room) are exposed to the UV radiation. These two factors are discussed below.

What airflow patterns are required for upper room UVGI to be effective?
For upper room UVGI to be effective, the aerosolized infectious particles must be moved from the lower part of the room, where they are produced by a person coughing or sneezing, to the germicidal zone in the upper room. Practical considerations prohibit the ideal of UVGI cleansing of all infectious particles in one pass when they move through the upper room UVGI zone. The primary consideration is the need to limit the intensity of upper room irradiance in order to avoid excessive exposure of humans to UVGI in the occupied part of the room. However, complete inactivation of bacteria and viruses can occur through a cumulative effect of UVGI exposure over time as infectious particles are carried repeatedly through the irradiated upper room. Each pass into the UVGI zone will inactivate a fraction of the infectious particles. This cleansed air further dilutes the concentration of particles in the lower part of the room. Another consideration is how rapidly microorganisms proceed through the UVGI zone. Too much ventilation limits the time the infectious particles are exposed to the UVGI.

To what extent should exposure to UVGI be limited?
The distribution of UV radiation needs to be carefully controlled to limit human exposure. Excessive exposure to UV radiation at 254 nanometers can cause temporary reddening of human skin akin to sunburn, and inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye, both resolving within 24 to 48 hours.16 The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists16 recommends that where people work a normal 8-hour day, at the irradiance at 254 nanometers should be less than or equal to 0.2 microwatts per square centimeter. This limit can be met by using fixtures that carefully control the distribution of the UV radiation, mounting the fixtures so that the direct UV radiation is confined to the upper room, and taking care to use materials and finishes in the upper room that absorb rather than reflect UV radiation at 254 nanometers.

How much UV radiation is necessary to stop transmission?
The amount of UV radiation required to kill or inactivate a bacterium or virus depends on the wavelength of the radiation, the duration of exposure, and the susceptibility of the bacterium or virus at the wavelength of the radiation.

This susceptibility is measured as the reciprocal of the radiant dose required to kill or inactivate 90% of the infectious particles present before exposure to the UV radiation. The dose is the product of the UV irradiance and the duration of exposure. These two components are interchangeable over a wide range. Either a high irradiance for a short time or a low irradiance for a long time is equally effective. In practice, the effectiveness of a UVGI installation is determined by the following factors:

• The UV lamp used, because that determines the wavelength of the radiation
• The fixture in which the lamp is housed, because that determines how much of the radiation discharged from the UV lamp is actually emitted from the fixture and how it is distributed
• The distance of airborne infectious agents from the fixture, because that determines the irradiance level
• The airflow pattern, because that determines how long the bacteria and viruses are exposed to the UV radiation
• The humidity of the atmosphere, because water makes the infectious agent less susceptible to damage from UV radiation. Higher relative humidity makes it less likely that an aqueous aerosol will dry out. For UVGI to be most effective it is recommended that relative humidity of the air be below 75%.17

What advice exists for those wishing to use UVGI?
Guidelines on the use of UVGI have been published in several different forms. The CDC gives general advice on the prevention and control of tuberculosis among the
homeless and in healthcare centers.11 Such guidelines offer little advice to the designer of UVGI systems. The designer needs to know whether the room is suitable for upper room UVGI, how many fixtures to use, and where they should be located. The suitability of a room for upper room UVGI is determined by the ceiling height and the UV reflectance of the surfaces in the upper room. Upper room UVGI should not be used in rooms with ceiling heights less than 8 feet.18,19 All upper room surfaces likely to be UV irradiated should have a reflectance at 254 nanometers of less than 5%.20* To determine the appropriate number of fixtures, a simple guideline is that 30 watts of UV lamp power are required for each 200 square feet of floor area.19 As for location, manufacturers of UVGI equipment provide information on the area over which their equipment can be expected to damage tuberculosis bacteria (see Figure 4). Such information can be used to determine the number and positioning of the equipment necessary to cover the entire upper room effectively by overlaying the coverage area of the individual fixtures on the floor plan of the space to be treated.

* A low UV reflectivity finish must be used on upper surfaces such as the ceiling to ensure that UV radiation levels in the occupied space of the room do not exceed occupational eye and skin safety standards.16

A paper by First et al.19 provides several design examples of upper room UVGI installations in a medical examination room, a homeless shelter, a drop-in center lavatory, a corridor, a stairwell, and a hospital isolation room.

A more comprehensive index for guiding the designer is under development as part of the TUSS project.21 The TUSS project defines a UVGI Effectiveness Index (I) by the following relationship: where Ii is the irradiation index, which is independent of mixing, and Im is the mixing index, which is independent of the amount of UVGI. The irradiation index and mixing index are defined, respectively, by the following two equations:
where
z is the microbe’s UV susceptibility (m2/J)
W is the UV power output of the fixture (W)
L is the mean path length of UV rays (m)
V is the room volume (m3)
_ is the outdoor air exchange rate (s-1)
c is an empirical constant
S is the mean vertical airspeed (m/s)
H is the room height (m)
The parameters in these equations are known constants, or can be measured onsite, or are part of the normal heating and ventilating design process. Preliminary measurements in a model room have shown a good correlation between the UVGI Effectiveness Index and the concentration of bacteria.21

What does an upper room UVGI installation look like?
Figure 5 shows an upper room UVGI installation in the main room of St. Agnes Shelter for the Homeless, New York City. The ceiling height is 12 feet. Eleven UVGI fixtures, of the type shown in Figure 6, are mounted on the wall, approximately 8 feet above the floor. Figure 7 (shown on page 6) suggests the UV radiation distribution from this fixture in terms of the blue pattern visible on the walls.

What does an upper room UVGI installation cost?
The cost of an upper room UVGI installation can be considered in two parts: the cost to purchase and install the fixtures and lamps, and the cost to operate them. For the upper room UVGI installation in the St. Agnes Shelter for the Homeless, the installation cost was approximately $4.60 per square foot. Operation costs include electricity and lamp replacement. The annual cost of electricity per fixture is $28, assuming a power demand of 31.4 watts per fixture, an operating schedule of 24 hours per day, and an electricity cost of $0.10 per kilowatt-hour. The lamps are replaced annually at a material cost of $43 per lamp.

What is the future of upper room UVGI?
Upper room UVGI is likely to become a common feature of buildings. Upper room UVGI is an effective method for cleansing the air of many types of viruses and bacteria, including some of those suggested as weapons for bioterrorism. The technology is well-developed. It can be easily retrofitted in many buildings. It has been shown to be effective in the laboratory and is currently undergoing an extensive test of its effectiveness for preventing the spread of tuberculosis in representative environments. Estimates of its cost effectiveness for this purpose support the use of upper room UVGI rather than the alternatives of dilution and filtration. Taken together, these facts support the value of using upper room UVGI where airborne infectious diseases are a concern.

References
1Brickner, P.W., R.L. Vincent, M.W. First, E.A. Nardell, M.
Murray, and W. Kaufman. 2003 (in press). The application of
ultraviolet germicidal irradiation to control transmission of
airborne disease: Bioterrorism countermeasure. Public
Health Reports 118(2).
2Murray, C.J.L., and A.D Lopez. 1996. The global burden of
disease: A comprehensive assessment of mortality and
disability for disease, injuries and risk factors in 1990 and
projected to 2020. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3Porter, J.D., and K.P. McAdam. 1994. The re-emergence of
tuberculosis. Annual Review of Public Health 15:303-323.
4Alland, D., G.E. Kalkut, A.R. Moss, R.A. McAdam, J.A. Hahn, W.
Bosworth, E. Drucker, and B.R. Bloom B. 1994. Transmission
of tuberculosis in New York City: An analysis by DNA
fingerprinting and conventional epidemiological methods.
New England Journal of Medicine 330:1710-1716.
5Barnes, P.F., Z. Yang, S. Preston-Martin, J.M. Pogoda, B.E.
Jones, M. Otaya, K.D. Eisenach, L. Knowles, S. Harvey, and
M.D. Cave. 1997 Patterns of tuberculosis transmission in
Central Los Angeles. Journal of the American Medical
Association 278:1159-1163.
6Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 1992. Tuberculosis
among homeless shelter residents. Journal of the American
Medical Association 267:483-484.
7Jones, T.F., A.S. Craig, S.E. Valway, C.I. Woodley, and W.
Schaffner. 1999. Transmission of tuberculosis in a jail.
Annals of Internal Medicine 131:557-563.
8Kenyon, T.A., S.E. Valway, W.W. Ihle, I.M. Onorato, and K.G.
Castro. 1996. Transmission of multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium
tuberculosis during a long airplane flight. New
England Journal of Medicine 334:933-938.
9Kenyon, T.A., R. Ridzon, R. Luskin-Hawk, C. Schultz, W.S. Paul,
S.E. Valway, I.M. Onorato, and K.G. Castro. 1997. A nosocomial
outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Annals
of Internal Medicine 127:32-36.
10Ko, G., H.A. Burge, M. Muilenberg, S. Rudnick, and M. First.
1998. Survival of mycobacteria on HEPA filter material.
Journal of the American Biological Safety Association 3:65-78.
11Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 1994.
Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis in health care facilities. Morbidity and
Mortality Weekly Report 43:1-132.

12Brickner, P.W., R.L. Vincent, E.A. Nardell, C. Pilek, W.T.
Chaisson, M. First, J. Freeman, J.D. Wright, S. Rudnick, and T.
Dumyahn. 2000. Ultraviolet upper room air disinfection for
tuberculosis control: An epidemiological trial. Journal of
Healthcare Safety, Compliance and Infection Control 4:123-
131.
13Riley, R.L., M. Knight, and G. Middlebrook. 1976. Ultraviolet
susceptibility of BCG and virulent tubercle bacilli. American
Review of Respiratory Disease 113:412-418.
14Ko, G., H.A. Burge, E.A. Nardell, and K.M. Thompson. 2001.
Estimation of tuberculosis risk and incidence under upper
room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation in a waiting room
in a hypothetical scenario. Risk Analysis 21:657-673.
15Dumyahn, T., and M. First. 1999. Characterization of
ultraviolet upper room air disinfection devices. American
Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 60:219-227.
16American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH). 2001. Threshold limit values for chemical
substances and physical agents: Biological exposure indices.
Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH.
17Ko, G., M.W. First, and H.A. Burge. 2000. Influence of
relative humidity on particle size and UV sensitivity of
Serratia marcescens and Mycobacterium bovis BCG aerosols.
Tubercle and Lung Disease 80:217-228.
18First, M.W., E.A. Nardell, W. Chaisson, and R. Riley. 1999.
Guidelines for the application of upper room ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation for preventing the transmission of
airborne contagion – Part I: Basic principles. ASHRAE
Transactions 105:869-876.
19First, M.W., E.A. Nardell, W. Chaisson, and R. Riley. 1999.
Guidelines for the application of upper room ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation for preventing the transmission of
airborne contagion – Part II: Design and operational
guidance. ASHRAE Transactions 105:877-887.
20Rea, M.S., ed. 2000. The IESNA lighting handbook. New York:
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.
21Brickner, P.W., R.L. Vincent, M.W. First, E.A. Nardell, S.N.
Rudnick, T. Dumyahn, K.F. Banahan, M. Murray, and T. Cohen.
2002. Energy effective ultraviolet air disinfection to control
transmission of airborne infectious disease: A full scale
application. Report to the New York State Energy Research
and Development Authority, Albany, New York.*

To read and view entire article go to http://www.ultraviolet.com/pdflib/980904.pdf

Applications for Ultraviolet Water Purification

2008-07-30T13:08:00.001-04:00

by Ann M. Wysocki, Marketing Director of Atlantic Ultraviolet

Ultraviolet water purification is a unique and rapid technique to rid water of bacteria, mold, virus and algae without the use of heat or chemicals. This method of water disinfection is ideal for many applications because nothing is added to the water. In addition to excellent disinfection performance, this process is simple, inexpensive, requires low maintenance and is more reliable when compared to other methods of water disinfection.

HOW IT WORKS
1. The water enters the purifier and flows into the annular space between the quartz sleeve and the chamber wall.
2. The wiper segments induce turbulence in the flowing liquid to insure uniform exposure of suspended microorganisms to the lethal ultraviolet rays.
3. The sight port enables visual observation of lamp operation.
4. The wiper assembly facilitates periodic cleansing of the quartz sleeve without any disassembly or interruption of purifier operation.
5. Water leaving the purifier is instantly ready for use.

ADVANTAGES OF THE ULTRAVIOLET METHOD
Effective - All microorganisms are susceptible to ultraviolet disinfection.
Economical - Hundreds of gallons can be purified for each penny of operating cost.
Safe - No danger of overdosing, no addition of dangerous chemicals.
Fast - Water is ready for use as soon as it leaves the purifier - no further contact time is required.
Easy - Simple installation and maintenance. Compact units require minimum space.
Automatic - Provides continuous or intermittent disinfection without special attention or measurement.
No Chemicals - No chlorine taste or corrosion problems.

APPLICATIONS
• Farms and Ranches: Bacteria free animal drinking water increases production by eliminating losses due to water-borne infection. Improved sanitation promotes healthier stock and higher yields.
• Water Wells: Eliminates bacteria which may build up from time to time from seepage of surface water or sewage.
• Bottling Manufacture: Insures bacteria-free water for use in product at breweries, wineries, soft drink and water bottling facilities.
• Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Industries: Bacteria-free water insures compliance with strict water treatment standards necessary for product quality control.
• Laboratories: Provides ultrapure water required for accurate testing and research.
• Hospitals: Insures ultrapure water for pathology labs, kidney dialysis and post disinfection rinses where bacteria-free water is essential.
• Electronics Industry: Insures bacteria-free water for use in conjunction with deionized and high purity water systems.
• Food Industries: Insures bacteria- free water as an additive to product and also as a rinse before packaging to guard against waterborne bacteria spoilage in vegetables, fruits, meats, fish and other products.
• Private Homes, Trailer Parks, Recreation Vehicles, Schools, Hotels, Airplanes: Provides safe, germ-free drinking water. Destroying bacteria, a serious problem for rural water supplies, prevents disease.
• Aquariums and Hatcheries: Bacteria-free water prevents disease organisms from growing or spreading without producing by-products toxic to marine life.
• Wastewater Treatment Plants: Affords an excellent post water treatment of secondary effluent to reduce bacterial concentrations to safe levels without introducing a toxicant to fish and other marine life in the receiving waters.
• Nurseries: Bacteria-free water minimizes losses from widespread root rot infection, a common problem in trees and plants caused by a diseased water supply.
• Swimming Pools: Helps control bacteria, algae and slime formation. Ultraviolet water purification allows the user to substantially reduce the chlorine usage.
In 1966 the Dept. of Health, Education & Welfare, Public Health Service, Division of Environmental Engineering and Food Protection, released a Policy Statement on the use of ultraviolet for disinfection of water. According to the Public Health Service "The use of the ultraviolet process as a means of disinfecting water to meet the bacteriological requirements of the Public Health Drinking Water Standards is acceptable provided the equipment used meets the listed criteria."

Criteria for the Acceptability of an Ultraviolet Disinfecting Unit
1. Ultraviolet radiation at a level of 2,537 Angstrom units must be applied at a minimum dosage of 16,000 micro-watt-seconds per square centimeter at all points throughout the water disinfection chamber.
2. Maximum water depth in the chamber, measured from the tube surface to the chamber wall, shall not exceed three inches.
3. The ultraviolet tubes shall be:a.) Jacketed so that a proper operating tube temperature of about 105 Degrees Fahrenheit is maintained, and b.) The jacket shall be of quartz or high silica glass with similar optical characteristics.
4. A flow or time delay mechanism shall be provided to permit a two-minute tube warm-up period before water flows from the unit.
5. The unit shall be designed to permit frequent mechanical cleaning of the water contact surface of the jacket without disassembly of the unit.
6. An automatic flow control valve, accurate within the expected pressure range, shall be installed to restrict flow to the maximum design flow of the treatment unit.
7. An accurately calibrated ultraviolet intensity meter, properly filtered to restrict its sensitivity to the disinfection spectrum shall be installed in the wall of the disinfection chamber at the point of greatest water depth from the tube or tubes.
8. A flow diversion valve or automatic shut-off valve shall be installed which will permit flow into
the potable water system only when at least the minimum ultraviolet dosage is applied. When power is not being supplied to the unit, the valve should be in a closed (fail safe) position, which prevents the flow of water into the potable water system.
9. An automatic audible alarm shall be installed to warn of malfunction or impending shutdown if considered necessary by the Control or Regulatory Agency.
10. The materials of construction shall not impart toxic materials into the water either as a result of the presence of toxic constituents in materials of construction or as result of physical or chemical changes resulting from exposure to ultraviolet energy.
11. The unit shall be designed to protect the operator against electrical shock or excessive radiation. As with any potable water treatment process, due consideration must be given to the reliability, economics, and competent operation of the disinfection process and related equipment, including:

1. Installation of the unit in a protected enclosure not subject to extremes of temperature which could cause malfunction.
2. Provision of a spare UV tube and other necessary equipment to effect prompt repair by qualified personnel properly instructed in the operation and maintenance of the equipment.
3. Frequent inspection of the unit and keeping a record of all operations, including maintenance problems. As a minimum, the initial purchase of an ultraviolet water purifier should include a mechanical wiper mechanism to insure compliance with the Federal Guidelines. It is important to note that many ultraviolet water purifiers on the market today are not equipped with a wiper feature making compliance impossible as this feature cannot be retrofitted later on, as other accessories required in the guidelines can.
The wiper allows the user to clean the quartz (a critical component of the system as it houses the germicidal lamp) without shutdown or disassembly of the unit and insures the user maximum effectiveness from the lamp since cleaning of the quartz sleeve can be done on routine basis with the pull of the knob.

Reprinted by Permission from Water Conditioning Magazine.

Atlantic Ultraviolet Corporation
375 Marcus Blvd.Hauppauge, NY 11788
http://www.ultraviolet.com
info@ultraviolet.com
631-273-0500
Fax: 631-273-0771

Harnessing the Benefits of Ultraviolet Germicidal Light to Protect and Improve Human Life

2008-07-11T15:21:00.000-04:00

What does AtlanticUltraviolet Corporation do?
Since 1963 Atlantic Ultraviolet Corporation has engineered and manufactured, ultraviolet water purification equipment, ultraviolet air sanitizing and surface disinfection systems, and uv germicidal lamps for residential and commercial applications.

The method of ultraviolet germicidal light being used in purification and disinfection of water, air and surface is a unique and rapid method, without the use of heat or chemicals.

The germicidal ultraviolet lamps utilized produce short wave radiation lethal to bacteria, virus and other microorganisms. Throughout the years ultraviolet technology has become well established as a method of choice for its effectiveness, economy, safety, speed, ease of use, and because the process is free of by-products.

Why choose Atlantic Ultraviolet's products?
Atlantic Ultraviolet Corporation is committed to producing the finest quality product lines which utilize ultraviolet germicidal light, and all its benefits for purification, disinfection and sanitizing of water, liquid and air. We pride ourselves in providing outstanding customer service. Our staff of ultraviolet application specialists and engineers with their vast knowledge and years of experience will assist you in choosing the right equipment for your application.